Dictionaries

In use dictionaries¹ look like lists that can be indexed by strings. For example where a list can be indexed by numbers like 1 and 5, e.g. lst[1], lst[5] a dictionary can be indexed by strings like 'Tim' or 'Apt 101', e.g. data['Tim'] and data['Apt 101']. In modern implementations they manage to do that almost as fast as lists can access their contents. That may not seem surprising to you, but it is an impressive achievement. To give you an appreciation for why it is surprising, and a deeper understanding of how dictionaries are implemented, we'll go through a modest derivation of the mechanisms underlying typical dictionary implementations.

• Dictionary: Python, Smalltalk, Objective-C, .NET.
• Hash or hash table: C, C++, Perl, Ruby, Visual Basic, Common Lisp.
• Collection: Visual Basic, Visual Foxpro.
• Map: C++, Java.
• Associative array: Javascript, AWK.

To be precise hashes and hash tables are one way of implementing a dictionary and so refer to a lower level of abstraction than the term dictionary.